2026年3月27日，加拿大移民改革法案Bill C-12（《加强加拿大移民系统和边境法案》）正式通过并获得御准成为法律。这项备受争议的立法赋予政府大规模取消签证的权力，并对难民申请设置严格时限。最引人关注的是：入境超过一年后提交的难民申请将不再被移民和难民委员会受理，该规定具有追溯效力，预计将导致约19,000份申请被驳回。政府称这是为了控制移民数量、打击欺诈，但人权组织、律师和公共部门工会警告，这可能违反加拿大的国际法义务，将弱势群体置于被遣返和迫害的风险之中。
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一项重大的移民改革法案现已在加拿大成为法律，赋予渥太华政府大规模取消签证群体的权力，并对庇护申请设置时间限制，旨在控制移民数量。
A major bill reforming immigration powers is now law in Canada, giving Ottawa powers to mass cancel groups of visas and setting time limits on asylum claims in the name of bringing immigration numbers under control.
reform: 改革，对现有制度进行重大修改
asylum claims: 庇护申请，难民保护申请
in the name of: 以...的名义，为了...的目的
但这项立法也引发了一个由民间社会团体组成的联盟的担忧，包括国际特赦组织、移民律师和公共部门工会，他们表示该法案将过多权力置于政府手中，并誓言要抗争。
But the legislation, passed Thursday, has also raised concerns from a coalition of civil society groups, including Amnesty International, immigration lawyers and public sector unions, that says it places too much authority in the government's hands and is vowing to fight it.
coalition: 联盟，多个组织联合形成的团体
civil society groups: 民间社会团体，非政府组织
authority: 权力，权威
vow to: 誓言，承诺做某事
"Bill C-12侵犯了难民和移民的权利，"国际特赦组织加拿大分部专门从事隐私和移民权利的律师Julia Sande在接受CBC新闻采访时说。
"Bill C-12 attacks the rights of refugees and migrants," Julia Sande, a lawyer specializing in privacy and migrant rights at Amnesty International Canada, said in an interview with CBC News.
attacks: 侵犯，攻击
"它使人们更难以让他们的难民保护申请得到公正评估，因此它使人们面临被驱逐到面临迫害和酷刑的风险。"
"It makes it harder for people to have their claims for refugee protection fairly assessed, so it puts people at risk of being deported to face persecution and torture."
fairly assessed: 公正评估，得到公平对待
put...at risk of: 使...面临...的风险
deported: 被驱逐出境
persecution: 迫害，因种族、宗教、政治观点等原因受到的系统性虐待
她说，大规模取消的权力"没有任何形式的个案评估"，相当于规避了加拿大的国际法律义务。
She said the mass-cancellation powers, "without any sort of individualized assessment," amount to shirking Canada's international legal obligations.
mass-cancellation: 大规模取消，一次性取消大量文件或申请
individualized assessment: 个案评估，针对每个案例的具体评估
amount to: 相当于，等同于shirking: 规避，逃避责任
international legal obligations: 国际法律义务，国家根据国际条约承担的责任
加拿大难民律师协会副主席Adam Sadinsky称C-12法案是"十多年来难民权利最重大的倒退"。
Adam Sadinsky, vice-president of the Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers, called C-12 "the most significant rollback of refugee rights in more than a decade."
significant: 重大的，显著的
rollback: 倒退，削减
他说，他毫不怀疑该立法"最终将诉诸法院来对其合宪性做出裁决"，并表示他相信全加拿大的难民和移民律师正在向客户提供建议，并在考虑他们是否有可以构成"挑战基础"的案例。
He said he has no doubt the legislation "will ultimately end up before the courts to make a decision on its constitutionality," and said he believes refugee and immigration lawyers across Canada are advising their clients and mulling whether they have cases that would form "the basis of a challenge."
has no doubt: 毫不怀疑
end up before the courts: 诉诸法院
constitutionality: 合宪性，是否符合宪法
mulling: 仔细考虑，思考
challenge: 法律挑战，质疑
Sadinsky和Sande所在的团体是更广泛联盟的一部分，该联盟包括加拿大难民委员会、加拿大穆斯林公共事务委员会以及像加拿大公共雇员工会这样的公共部门工会。
Sadinsky and Sande's groups are part of the broader coalition, which includes the Canadian Council for Refugees, the Canadian Muslim Public Affairs Council and public sector unions like the Canadian Union of Public Employees.
broader coalition: 更广泛的联盟
Canadian Council for Refugees: 加拿大难民委员会
'A dangerous path'一条险路
在一份声明中，该联盟警告称，该法案"通过限制在加拿大寻求难民保护的能力……以及促进在国内外共享个人信息"，使"当前和未来的政府走上了一条危险的道路"。
In a statement, the coalition warned the bill sets "current and future governments on a dangerous path by limiting the ability to seek refugee protection in Canada, [...] and facilitating the sharing of personal information within and outside the country."
- sets...on a dangerous path: 使...走上危险的道路
- limiting the ability to: 限制...的能力
该法律将取消数千份难民申请，因为它还具有追溯效力，禁止那些一年多前来到加拿大的人向移民和难民委员会提交申请。
The law will cancel out thousands of refugee claims, as it also retroactively bars those who came to Canada more than a year prior from filing claims with the Immigration and Refugee Board.
retroactively: 追溯地，对过去发生的事情也适用
bars...from: 禁止...做某事
Retroactive to June 24, 2020, and applying to claims made on or after June 3, 2025, the legislation would see some 19,000 applications dismissed, according to testimony by Immigration Minister Lena Diab to a Canadian Senate committee.
追溯至2020年6月24日，并适用于2025年6月3日或之后提出的申请，根据移民部长Lena Diab向加拿大参议院委员会的证词，该立法将导致约19,000份申请被驳回。
dismissed: 被驳回，被拒绝
testimony: 证词，在正式场合的陈述
至于获得大规模取消权力的必要性，政府引用了不在其控制范围内的假设性事件，如战争或大流行病。它还谈到了假设情景中可能存在的欺诈行为。
As for its necessity to acquire mass-cancellation powers, the government has cited hypothetical events out of its control such as wars or pandemics. It has also spoken about possible fraud in hypothetical scenarios.
hypothetical events: 假设性事件，可能发生但尚未发生的情况
pandemics: 大流行病
hypothetical scenarios: 假设情景
然而，根据移民、难民和公民部的内部文件，CBC新闻去年秋季报道称，该部门对来自印度和孟加拉国的欺诈性访客签证申请所导致的"特定国家挑战"表示担忧。
However, based on internal IRCC documents, CBC News reported last fall that the department was concerned about "country-specific challenges" due to fraudulent visitor visa applications from India and Bangladesh.
was concerned about: 对...表示担忧
country-specific challenges: 特定国家的挑战
fraudulent: 欺诈性的，虚假的
Similar legislation elsewhere 其他地区类似立法
在下议院的辩论中，自由党议员Ruby Sahota，打击犯罪事务国务秘书，表示对庇护申请的一年期限在世界其他地方也存在，包括欧盟和美国。
During a debate in the House of Commons, Liberal MP Ruby Sahota, the secretary of state for combatting crime, said one-year limits on asylum claims exist elsewhere in the world including the European Union and the United States.
House of Commons: 下议院，加拿大议会的下院
combatting crime: 打击犯罪
"进入该国并希望申请庇护的人将有充足的一年时间来提交申请，如果他们的生命处于危险之中，"她说。
"People who enter the country and wish to claim asylum would have an ample, one-year time period to put their claim in if their life is at risk," she said.
wish to claim asylum: 希望申请庇护
ample: 充足的，充裕的
put their claim in: 提交申请
"如果一个人在加拿大生活了一年，无论是为了学习还是访问，是否有必要允许这样的人能够申请难民身份，这可能会造成系统瓶颈？我认为简短的答案是否定的，"政府众议院领袖Steven MacKinnon的议会秘书Kevin Lamoureux说。
"If a person has been living in Canada for a year, whether it is for study or a visit, is there a need to allow someone of that nature to be able to claim refugee status, which could bottleneck the system? I believe the short answer to that is no," said Kevin Lamoureux, the parliamentary secretary to government House leader Steven MacKinnon.
parliamentary secretary: 议会秘书,协助部长的议员
of that nature: 这种性质的
bottleneck: 造成瓶颈,阻碍运作
该法案最终获得通过,得到了反对党保守党和魁北克集团的支持。
The bill ultimately passed, with the support of both the opposition Conservatives and Bloc Québécois.
ultimately: 最终,最后
opposition: 反对党,在野党
"加拿大的庇护系统应该为真正脆弱的人提供富有同情心的庇护，数量要在我们可以可持续支持的范围内，但加拿大人认为庇护系统不应该被用作后门，移民可以通过后门快速轻松地绕过正常的移民程序，"保守党移民事务评论员Michelle Rempel-Garner说。
"Canada's asylum system should offer compassionate refuge to truly vulnerable persons in numbers that we can sustainably support, but Canadians believe that the asylum system should not be used as a back door by which migrants can quickly and easily end-run normal immigration processes," said Conservative immigration critic Michelle Rempel-Garner.
compassionate refuge: 富有同情心的庇护
truly vulnerable persons: 真正脆弱的人
sustainably support: 可持续地支持
back door: 后门,非正规途径
end-run: 绕过,规避
"没有证据表明难民申请的合法性与提交速度有关。引入一年期限特别令人担忧，"她说
"There is no evidence that the legitimacy of a refugee claim is linked to how quickly someone files it. The introduction of a one-year bar is particularly troubling," she said.
Legislation called Charter-compliant 被称为宪章合规的立法
在一份声明中，移民部告诉CBC新闻，新规则尊重加拿大在1951年难民公约和加拿大权利与自由宪章下的义务。
In a statement, the Immigration Department told CBC News the new rules respect Canada's obligations under the 1951 Refugee Convention and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: 加拿大权利与自由宪章，加拿大宪法的重要组成部分
它引用了司法部的一项分析，该分析强调了C-12法案授予的信息共享权力是有限制的，并指出大规模取消决定只能在内阁同意其符合公共利益后才能做出。
It cited an analysis by the Justice Department that highlighted how there are limits on the information-sharing powers granted by C-12, and noted mass cancellation decisions can only be made once cabinet has agreed they are in the public interest.
Justice Department: 司法部
once cabinet has agreed: 一旦内阁同意，在内阁批准之后
移民、难民和公民部还指出，难民申请被拒的个人仍然有权获得遣返前风险评估。
The IRCC also noted individuals whose refugee claims are disallowed still have a right to a pre-removal risk assessment.
C-12法案的通过恰逢保守党推动议会委员会调查国际学生项目中的欺诈行为，称联邦政府需要彻底查清审计长最近关于可能有数千起欺诈性国际学生案件未被调查的发现。
C-12 also passed as Conservatives pushed for a parliamentary committee investigation into fraud in the international student program, saying the federal government needs to get to the bottom of recent findings by the auditor general on potentially thousands of fraudulent international student cases that have not been probed.
pushed for: 推动，力促
parliamentary committee: 议会委员会
investigation into: 对...的调查
get to the bottom of: 彻底查清，弄清真相
auditor general: 审计长，负责审查政府支出的官员
potentially: 可能地，潜在地
